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An isotope-enabled module of Hydrus-1D was applied to a potted olive tree to trace water parcels originating from 26 irrigation events in a glasshouse experiment. The soil hydraulic parameters were optimized via inverse modelling by minimizing the discrepancies between observed and simulated soil water content and soil water isotope ( 18 O) values at three soil depths. The model’s performance was validated with observed sap flow  z -scores and xylem water  18 O. We quantified the source and transit time of irrigation water by analysing the mass breakthrough curves derived from a virtual tracer injection experiment. On average, 26% of irrigation water was removed by plant transpiration with a mean transit time of 94 hours. Our proof of concept work suggests that transit time may represent a functional indicator for the uptake of irrigation water in agricultural ecosystems.

Quantifying irrigation uptake in olive trees: a proof-of-concept approach combining isotope tracing and Hydrus-1D