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This paper presents an automated closed-loop control for type 1 diabetes. The closed loop is designed using a new extended mathematical model that takes into account the dynamics of the insulin-antagonistic pancreatic hormone called glucagon, which stimulates hepatic glucose production. An adaptive controller is developed for an artificial pancreas based on sliding mode control (SMC) and an estimation of the system parameters obtained by the least-squares method. The system has been analyzed using Lyapunov stability theory. A comparative study between the proposed model and an existing model is presented. Furthermore, the numerical simulation for type 1 diabetes mellitus model has shown good results for the designed environment. Therefore, the model achieves better glycemic regulation with the incorporation of glucagon, with low chances of exposure to hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia events. The SMC tracks the system to the desired state.

Adaptive controller based an extended model of glucose-insulin-glucagon system for type 1 diabetes