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Surfaces of TiO 2  nanoparticles decorated with Cu(II) nanoparticles as Cu(II)/TiO 2  nanocomposites, were prepared via a grafting process for a comparative study on photodegradation of recalcitrant cinnamic acid (CA) in aqueous solutions. In this study, CA was used as a model representing for the wastewater from agricultural industries containing phenolic compounds. Photodegradation of CA in the solutions by TiO 2  nanoparticles and Cu(II)/TiO 2  nanocomposites under natural sunlight and artificial UV light, were investigated. CA concentrations in the solutions were determined from the highest peak intensities at 271 nm, detected by a UV–Vis spectrophotometer. Under 90 min of the irradiation of both light sources, CA concentrations in the solutions were degraded by Cu(II)/TiO 2  nanocomposites higher and quicker than those of TiO 2  nanoparticles. According to the reusability test results, both TiO 2  nanoparticles and Cu(II)/TiO 2  nanocomposites have potential to reuse at least three cycles. Intermediate compounds formed during the irradiation of UV light, were identified by XPS analysis confirming that CA gradually changed to be nontoxic compounds. A mechanism for the CA photodegradation pathways in the solutions by Cu(II)/TiO 2  nanocomposites was proposed according to the analysis.

journal of dispersion science and technology

A comparative study of TiO 2  nanoparticles and Cu(II)/TiO 2  nanocomposites on photodegradation of cinnamic acid (CA) under natural sunlight and artificial UV light