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The use of appropriate nitrogen (N) rates is important to optimize organic rice yield potential while minimizing environmental impact and input costs. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to identify the optimal N rate for organic and conventional rice and determine its effects on rice yield, soil properties, and greenhouse gas emissions. Six N rates (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 kg ha −1 ) and two cropping systems (organic, conventional) were included in this study. Plant dry biomass, panicle number, and yield of conventional rice linearly increased with increasing N rate from 0 to 250 kg ha −1 , whereas those of organic rice increased significantly with increasing N rate until 200 kg ha −1 . Conventional rice had a significantly taller plant, whereas organic rice had a significantly greater tiller number. At the optimal N rate, the panicle number and yield of organic rice were 77.3% and 92.7% of those of conventional rice, respectively. CO 2  and CH 4  emissions peaked at the reproductive stage, whereas N 2 O emissions peaked at the vegetative stage. Global warming potential (GWP) increased with increasing N rate and peaked at 200 and 250 kg N ha −1 , respectively, in the organic and conventional system; however, greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) was not affected by N rate in both systems. Of the measured soil parameters, total microbial biomass (TMB) was significantly correlated to plant growth, yield, and GWP. Our study indicated that the optimal N rate was 200 kg ha −1  for organic rice and 250 kg ha −1  or higher for conventional rice to approach yield potential.

journal of plant nutrition

Effect of nitrogen application rate under organic and conventional systems on rice ( Oryza sativa  L.) growth, grain yield, soil properties, and greenhouse gas emissions