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A two-year field investigation was conducted to find out the right time, method, rate and source of potassium (K) fertilization for maximizing nutrient and water use efficiency and quality in a basmati rice-wheat cropping system. The split application of a recommended dose of K (RDK = 60 kg K 2 O ha −1 ) as half basal (B) and remaining half at panicle/ear initiation (PI/EI) stages significantly increased the system water productivity (SWP) (0.60 kg ha −1 mm −1 ) and system irrigation water use efficiency (SIWUE) (1.26 kg ha −1 mm −1 ) by 9.1% and 7.1% respectively over basal application of entire RDK. Likewise, in basmati rice, the split application of 100% RDK increased the water productivity (WP) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) by 10.9% and 10.6% respectively over basal dressing of 100% RDK. The split application of RDK and supplementation of K through foliar spray besides basal K application increased the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration in grain and straw of both the crops. With respect to grain quality, the split application of 100% RDK increased the protein content by 2.3% in basmati rice, and 2.8% in wheat over basal application of 100% RDK. Similarly, the split application of RDK increased the hulling, milling and head rice recovery percentage of basmati rice by 1.3%, 6.6% and 3.3% respectively over basal application of RDK. The root length and dry weight of wheat was increased by 6.9% and 21% by split application of RDK over basal dressing of same dose of K.

journal of plant nutrition

Effect of potassium fertilization on water productivity, irrigation water use efficiency, and grain quality under direct seeded rice-wheat cropping system