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We perceive the potential of combined immunotherapy for the synergistic treatment of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated tumors. So, the tumor inhibiting effects of combination of  L. casei  TD2a and GM-CSF on the TC-1 growth were evaluated In Vivo using lymphocyte proliferation, lymphocyte cytotoxicity, splenocyte, and tumor cytokine assays. The results showed that tumor inhibition in transplanted mice in the GM-CSF combined with probiotic  L. casei  group was significantly higher than that observed in the other groups excluding GM-CSF group whose tumor inhibition effect was considerable. The findings also indicated that the combined group could generate tumor-specific cytolytic and splenocyte proliferative responses. The levels of IFN–γ, IL-4, and IL-12 after treating with GM-CSF combined with probiotic  L. casei  were significantly higher than those of other groups. The intratumoral Tumor Necrosis Factor Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) was also significantly increased in the combined group. Tumor analysis further showed that the combined group decreased the accumulation of IL-10 in the tumor microenvironment of treated mice. Furthermore, tumor volume analysis demonstrated that combination group and even GM-CSF suppress tumor growth. Our findings showed that the combination of GM-CSF and probiotic results in improved tumor suppression against HPV-associated tumors and stimulates enhancement of specific antitumor immune responses.

nutrition and cancer

Synergistic Therapeutic Effects of Probiotic  Lactobacillus casei TD-2  Consumption on GM-CSF-Induced Immune Responses in a Murine Model of Cervical Cancer