English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Ottoman cryptography, a phenomenon that did not officially exist in Ottoman State, emerged with the development of Ottoman diplomatic bureaucracy in the 19th century. In this article, as well as discussing early applications of official Ottoman cryptography, the traces and features of these efforts which began in the year 1797 have been revealed in the light of encrypted archive documents. Ciphers and encoding/decoding methods of Ottoman diplomats were also investigated in this study. Besides, the initial steps of cryptography amongst the Ottoman-Turks are presented and their characteristics have been assessed in this article.

Methods for encryption in early 19th-century Ottoman diplomatic correspondence