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The technical–economic analysis of the hemodialysis water purification process, which uses reverse osmosis with sand, softeners, and granular-activated carbon as pretreatment steps, shows that the permeate conductivity exceeds 25 µS cm −1  at 25°C due to softeners failure and that the cost of cubic meter of water produced is 2.4 €. The purification unit generated brine with a conductivity above 5 mS.cm −1  and it is discharged into the sewer. Several brine valorizations are proposed; brine recycling and simulation with IMS design software reveal that it is possible to recycle 0.2 m 3 .h −1  of brine and achieve 83% conversion rate with a good quality of permeate. The residual of the first reverse osmosis brine is diluted by the second reverse osmosis permeate and is to be used for toilet flushing, landscape irrigation, and sterilization steam production.

Reverse osmosis water purification and brine valorization in a Tunisian hemodialysis center