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The venom of  Crotalus ornatus  (v Co ) poses a threat to human health, as it contains a mixture of toxins that can cause cytotoxic, necrotic, and hemolytic effects. The present study assessed methanolic and acetone extracts from leaves and flowers of  Larrea tridentata , as well as the bark of  Quercus virginiana  as potential suppressors of the toxic effects of v Co in vitro . The content of total phenols, flavonoids, and tannins of the plant extracts were quantified for the suppression of v Co  cytotoxicity in two cell culture models, human lymphocytes and porcine aortic endothelial (PAE) cells. Extracts from  Q. virginiana  displayed a greater concentration of total phenols, flavonoids, and tannins. Co-incubation of lymphocytes and PAE cells with fixed concentrations of v Co  and plant extracts resulted in decreased v Co -induced cytotoxicity. A 24-hour co-incubation of lymphocytes with v Co  (2.36 ± 0.17 µg/mL) and 0.5 µg/mL of methanolic leaf extract from  L. tridentata  (LLM) significantly suppressed the venom-induced cytotoxicity by 37.33 ± 8.33%. Similarly, the LLM extract (4 µg/mL) caused a significant decrease in v Co  cytotoxicity after 24 hours in PAE cells. In contrast, while the acetone extract of  Q. virginiana  bark (QA) suppressed cytotoxicity by 29.20 ± 3.51% ( p  &lt; 0.001) in lymphocytes, it failed to protect PAE cells against v Co  after 24 hours. In PAE cells, a shorter 4-hour co-incubation showed significant suppression of cytotoxicity with both extracts. Our results collectively suggest that LLM and QA possess cytoprotective properties against the  in vitro  toxic effects of v Co , and thus establish extracts from these plants as potential therapeutic interventions against  Crotalus  envenomation.

drug and chemical toxicology

Cytoprotective effects of creosote bush ( Larrea tridentata ) and Southern live oak ( Quercus virginiana ) extracts against toxicity induced by venom of the black-tailed rattlesnake ( Crotalus ornatus )