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Litterfall production, decomposition and nutrient release was investigated for three prominent agroforestry tree species,  Prosopis cineraria, Tecomella undulata  and  Hardwickia binata , grown in the arid western region of India. The highest litterfall was recorded for  H. binata  (9.44 Mg ha −l  y −1 ) followed by  P. cineraria  (8.94 Mg ha −l  y −1 ) and  T. undulata  (3.74 Mg ha −l  y −1 ). It took 15, 12 and 9 months for decomposition of 90% of the litter of  H. binata, P. cineraria  and  T. undulata , respectively. Regression analysis showed that rainfall and air temperature had significant impacts on the decomposition process. Soil moisture and soil microbial biomass carbon showed high correlations ( R 2 &gt; 0.70,  p  &lt; 0.01) with litter decay. The rate of release of N ( kN  = 0.0014, surface (0–15 cm);  kN  = 0.0015, sub-surface (15–30 cm)) and K ( kK  = 0.0041, surface;  kK  = 0.0047, sub-surface) was highest from  P. cineraria , whereas release rates of P were statistically equivalent for all species. N release from the decomposing litter increased initially, but then decreased as decomposition progressed. Concentrations of P, K and Mg in the litter decreased throughout the decomposition, with some fluctuations in P and Mg for  P. cineraria  and  H. binata  at the later stage. Ca release did not follow any specific trend.  P. cineraria , with considerable amounts of litterfall, the highest nutrient inputs to the soil and the most rapid release of nutrients during the decomposition, was concluded to facilitate greater fertility build-up of the soil compared with the other two species.

Litter production and litter dynamics in different agroforestry systems in the arid western region of India