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The uncontrolled fossil fuel and biomass burning for cooking, water and space heating result in household pollution, which is a major challenge in developing countries. The cook stove emissions contain carbon monoxide, 2.5-micron size particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), organic, elemental and black carbons. In this study, a review of four decades of research, development and implementation outcome of India’s National programmes on Improved Cookstoves is presented. The efficacy of thermally efficient biomass stoves in reducing smoke emissions and resulting health hazards is discussed. The international protocols for developing standards, performance indicators using the five Tier (0-4) rating system, are analysed. The gasifier type, forced draft, charcoal burning stoves, are found to be highly efficient. The advanced tier-3 and tier-4 stoves developed under National biomass stove initiative are analysed. A strategy based on research and field implementation of biomass stoves is outlined to achieve UN sustainable development goals for developing countries worldwide.

A comprehensive review of four decades of thermally efficient biomass cookstove initiatives for sustainable development in India