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A vacuumed tube solar water heater integrated with nanofluids has been investigated experimentally. Since the water-based nanofluids were tested largely the oil-based nanofluids are considered here. Three working fluids of pure oil, Al 2 O 3 /oil and TiO 2 /oil are examined as a medium fluid with a constant concentration of 1 wt.%. The nanofluids were flowing through a U-tube path embedded in the vacuumed tubes. The first and second laws of thermodynamics were assessed. Finally, the water reached the temperatures of 68.1°C, 60.2°C and 45.4°C, for working fluids of Al 2 O 3 /oil, TiO 2 /oil and pure oil, respectively. So, Al 2 O 3 /oil showed 9% and 31% higher thermal efficiency than TiO 2 /oil and pure oil, respectively. Also, from the second law of thermodynamics, a modified approach has been used to calculate the exergy efficiency. Then, the results were compared with the common exergy efficiency formula, and a 6.1% difference was seen between them. Finally, the entropy generation is also evaluated in this paper.

Experimental study on using oil-based nanofluids in a vacuumed tube solar water heater: an exergy analysis