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In this work, various controllers, such as hybrid PID with Filter and Fractional-Order PD (hPIDN-FOPD), hPIDN-PD and PID, are recommended for frequency control problems. The analysis is prepared for two electrical power system (PS) models, i.e. two-area and three-area thermal systems with physical restraints. The benefit of the suggested Differential Evolution (DE)-based hPIDN-FOPD controller has been shown by relating its performance with some newly published approaches, such as Bacteria Foraging Optimisation Algorithm (BFOA), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Firefly Algorithm (FA) and hybrid BFOA and Particle Swarm Optimisation (hBFOA-PSO) techniques. The recommended approach is supplementarily investigated to a three-area thermal PS with non-linearity. The analysis reveals on the comparison that DE-based hPIDN-FOPD offers improved results related to PID, hPIDN-PD and the newly available FA-tuned PID controller. The experimental authentication with the Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) real-time (RT) simulation was carried out on the OPAL-RT-OP5700 simulator.

Simulation and hardware-in-the-loop real-time testing of different controllers for frequency regulation of electrical power systems