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The development of highly efficient dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSCs) with good photovoltaic parameters has attracted tremendous attention due to global energy crises. Many novel approaches have been developed to manufacture high-performance DSSCs with an amendment in counter electrodes, electrolytes, dyes, and photoanode materials. Metal nanoparticles and nanostructured metal oxides have widely been used as photoanode material in DSSCs. The ability of nanomaterials to improve electron transport leads to enhanced electron collection efficiency, improving the productivity of DSSCs. Hence, the green synthesis of nanomaterials and their applications in energy generation for a sustainable future is an active area of research. Nanoparticle synthesis using biological agents is cost-effective, less laborious, non-toxic, and environmentally benevolent compared to conventional synthesis routes. The paper gives a critical overview of photoanode materials with a significant emphasis on green synthesised nanomaterials. Also, photoanode modifications and their effect on the performance of DSSCs have been reviewed.

Recent developments on green synthesised nanomaterials and their application in dye-sensitised solar cells