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With the growth of distributed energy resources, the development of storage systems technology and an increase in the application of electric vehicles (EV), the energy management of these kinds of sources needs additional research. The task of the distribution network operator is to optimise the microgrid operation at the lowest operating cost. This paper suggests a novel concept for parallel scheduling of EVs and battery storage while considering demand response programme (DRP) to minimise total operating costs. The influence of cooperation of DRP and optimal scheduling of EVs and energy storages on the operating costs, power transaction with upstream grid, hourly DERs, and systems’ technical features, such as voltage profile and power loss, have been studied. Numerical results obtained from an illustrative case study elucidate that the proposed model reduces 5.62 per cent from total power loss and improves the minimum voltage from 0.91 to 0.94 p.u.

Dominated GSO algorithm for optimal scheduling of renewable microgrids with penetration of electric vehicles and energy storages considering DRP