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In this paper, a cascade PI-PD secondary control scheme is presented in automatic generation control (AGC) application under a deregulated environment. Along with conventional electric power generating units, solar is integrated into one of the areas, which influence the frequency control process of the entire grid. Differential Evaluation (DE) algorithm is used to obtain optimal parameter gains of the PI-PD controller of each area simultaneously to control the frequency oscillations of the system. The centralised area controller concept is adopted to provide this control action. Furthermore, the communication delay effect is also investigated in this paper under a deregulated environment when the power system is integrated with solar and supervised by the PI-PD controller to minimise the frequency oscillations.

Application of the PI-PD cascade control scheme in AGC of a deregulated power system with PV in the presence of communication delay