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Renewable energy sources play a crucial role in energy production due to the rapidly declining and depletion of conventional energy sources. Solar energy is one of the main sources that have the potential to deal with energy crises to some extent. However, this resource is not very reliable due to its unpredictable nature, while the use of it along with the battery system and diesel system seems to be complementary, more reliable, and cost-effective. This leads this study to propose an optimal hybrid system to provide energy load demand of a rural area in the Namib Desert. The idea is to minimise theemissions value, the yearly expense of the system, and the loss of load probability (LOLP). The ε-constraint technique along with an enhanced version of the Crow Search Algorithm (CSA) method is opposed to minimisation. After algorithm validation, the optimised system is compared with two methods, HOMER and PSO-based methods from the literature to indicate the effectiveness of the method. The results showed that based on the suggested MCSA, the minimum value of Co 2  emissions, 1728 kg/yr with 23,795 kWh/yr total production has been achieved. Also, it is declared that the proposed method gives the minimum fuel consumption with 770 L/yr that show the superiority of the proposed method toward others.

An optimal arrangement for photovoltaic /diesel/battery management system applying Crow Search Algorithm: a case of Namib Desert