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Dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSCs) have been widely studied since their discovery; however, a number of problems should be solved to enhance their efficiency. We successfully fabricate Titanium oxide nanotubes on the Ti foil as photoelectrodes to improve the power conversion efficiency of DSSCs by an anodising method under the influence of ultrasound wave. The morphology and structure of TiO 2  nanotubes were characterised by the atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results confirmed a good array of TiO 2  nanotubes on the Ti substrate at 30 min, the significantly improved output of DSSC, and the power conversion efficiency of 0.26 for enhancing the photovoltaic performance.

The efficiency of TiO 2 nanotube photoanode with graphene nanoplatelets as counter electrode for a dye-sensitised solar cell