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Migration shapes Sao Paulo’s history. The labour demands of the sugar economy and, increasingly, the coffee economy soon exhausted the supply of local labour, replacing it with European immigrants, mainly Italian, Portuguese and Spanish, but including government-sponsored immigrants from Japan. Domestic immigrants from the Center of Brazil and from the North-East contributed to the city’s diversity, but remained a minority of the population. Studies of urban poverty in Latin America show that though poverty is widespread, it is rarely homogeneous. In Sao Paulo, inequalities are evident in the contrasts of luxury mansions, guarded by gates and fences, and the sprawl of informally constructed housing. But different classes and ethnicities live in relative proximity to each other, with informal workers servicing the mansions of the wealthy and labourers working on the construction of modernist housing and transferring the skills they learn to improving their own informal dwellings.

ethnic and racial studies

A city of contradictions: commentary on “Migration and urban development in São Paulo” by Rosa Hassan De Ferrari, Anthony Ocepek, Rachel Travis, and Ariel C. Armony*