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RuO 2  electrodes were spray-deposited utilizing an aqueous/organic solvent mixture at varied substrate temperatures. X-ray diffraction data supported the rutile structure and tetragonal phase of RuO 2 . FESEM images showed a porous structure with small spherical grains covering the entire substrate surface. Optical studies have shown that RuO 2  films have bandgaps between 1.90 and 2.13 eV. Electrical resistivity was found in the range of 0.57 × 10 4  Ω-cm to 1.23 × 10 4  Ω-cm. CV (scan rate 5 mVs −1 ) results confirmed the specific capacitances of 560, 637, 687, 602 and 527 Fg −1  at substrate temperatures of 250, 275, 290, 300 and 325°C, respectively, in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4  electrolyte. RuO 2  provided a high specific capacitance 741 Fg −1  (current density 0.5 Ag −1 ) from GCD profile besides good specific capacitance holding of 87.66% over 3000 continuous charge–discharge cycles. The results show that RuO 2  films spray deposited with aqueous/organic solvent mixtures give the best results.

Performance of supercapacitors with RuO 2 electrodes spray deposited with aqueous/organic solvent mixtures: effect of substrate temperature