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Despite the importance of polyploidy for the evolution of  Opuntia , few researches have been focused to identify the ploidy of cultivars used in plant breeding programmes. We aimed to provide chromosome numbers, ploidy and heterochromatin band patterns of seven species and 24 cultivars from  Opuntia , and investigate the relationship between phenotypic characteristics and ploidy in these species. All cultivars analyzed of  Opuntia atropes ,  O. cochenillifera , and one cultivar of  O. undulata  are diploids,  O. larreyi , one cultivar of  O. stricta  and two cultivars of  O. undulata  are tetraploids and all cultivars of  O. ficus-indica , one cultivar of  O. stricta  and four cultivars of  Opuntia  sp. are octoploids. CMA/DAPI banding revealed the occurrence of terminal bands in all cultivars and pericentromeric bands in six cultivars. Polyploid species of  Opuntia  had superior mean values than diploid ones in relation to the cladode width, cladode length, cladode area, cladode thickness and plant height. Diploids had superior mean values than polyploids in relation to the number of cladodes. Polyploidy may be a useful tool for obtaining  Opuntia  cultivars with quantitative characteristics of interest.

Heterochromatin and polyploidy in Opuntia Mill. (Cactaceae: Opuntioideae): implications for plant breeding