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Caffeine (CAF) is a widely used stimulant in beverages, foods, and drugs. Extreme usage of this popular molecule can create caffeine pollution for water sources. A photocatalytic method was developed to degrade CAF in water. The pillared interlayered clays (PILCs) were used as the photocatalytic material. Zeolite, a type of clay, was used to prepare PILCs. The operational parameters, such as reaction time, CAF concentrations, H 2 O 2,  and PILCs amounts, were examined to obtain the highest removal percentages. The removal rates reached 97%, 100%, and 100% in 120, 180, and 300 min, respectively, using 1.0 mL H 2 O 2  and 1.0 g of Fe-Ti-PILC for 50.0 mg/L CAF under UV exposure. The experiments were carried out in batch method, and RP-HPLC was used to find the remaining CAF concentrations.

Photocatalytic degradation of caffeine using metal ion-modified pillared interlayered clays and H 2 O 2 under UV radiation