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Nutraceuticals, including amino acids, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins, have gained more attention, owing to multiple nutritional and health benefits, including maintaining the normal physiological status and disease prevention, thereby improving production performance of poultry birds. In commercial poultry production systems, chicks do not have access to feed and water for about 24–48 h during transportation between hatchery and production farm. This delay time poses negative effects on early feed intake, organ development, natural exposure to microbiota and immune sensitisation of chicks. Early feeding via  in ovo  inoculation of nutrients and feed additives to the developing embryo during 12th or 17th to 18th days of incubation significantly mitigates the adverse effects of starvation and enhances post-hatch performance and health of poultry birds during pre-andpost-hatch periods. The direct administration of various supplements, nutrients, drugs, vaccines, immunostimulants and biological substances through an  in ovo  route has diverse advantages including boosted health status, immunity and production performance of post-hatch poultry birds. Early feeding of nutrients during embryonic life has numerous benefits, such as improvements in weight gain, feed efficiency, growth rate and digestive organ development; decrease in morbidity and mortality of embryo; reduction in skeletal disorder; and boosted immunity, muscular development and meat yield of poultry birds. Furthermore, early  in ovo  feeding of nutraceuticals has provided better protection against a number of infectious pathogens than post-hatch supplementation. The current review aimed to provide a promising insight for the promotion of  in ovo  technology in order to supply different nutraceuticals (amino acid, vitamins, minerals and carbohydrates) directly into the developing embryo to achieve an improvement in post-hatch growth, immune responses and antioxidant defence along with the development of gastrointestinal tract. Additionally, this review highlights the future of  in ovo  technology as a strategy to improve the productive performance of poultry birds.

In ovo delivery of nutraceuticals improves health status and production performance of poultry birds: a review