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In this study, thickness of single- and multi-layer nonwoven glass fiber fabric in dry and wet state was monitored during compaction and relaxation periods under a pressure range of 2 to 200 kPa. The results were numerically analyzed  via  power-law model and strain energy calculation. The compaction behavior of three-layer dry fabric stack showed the highest fitness to the power-law modeling. The findings of the power-law model revealed the lack of nesting between adjacent layers and showed that the repeated compaction/relaxation practice and the presence of resin significantly increased the fiber content. The outcomes of the model also indicated: (1) multi-layer fabrics tend to be compressed more easily than single-layer fabric (2) wet fabrics and relaxation periods display higher stiffening index than dry fabrics and compression periods, respectively. The compaction and relaxation curves tracing different paths pointed that some of the compaction energy was absorbed by the fabric. Thanks to the friction mechanism between layers, multi-layer fabrics absorbed more compaction energy (i.e. relaxed better) than single-layer fabric. However, the presence of the resin reduced the relaxation (i.e. the amount of absorbed compaction energy).

Numerical analyses on compaction behavior of nonwoven glass fiber fabric