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Countermeasures to reduce radiocesium uptake by crops have been implemented in farmlands affected by the accident at Tokyo Electric Power Company’s Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in 2011. A widely practiced countermeasure is the application of K. Long-term maintenance of soil K is crucial due to the long physical half-life of  137 Cs (30 years). Plant-available K budgets can be used as an indication of sustainable maintenance. Our previous study found that large water outflow, especially percolation, associated with excessive irrigation caused major K outflow and a negative K budget in a paddy field in Fukushima in 2018. The present study evaluated whether decreasing the water outflow by reducing the irrigation volume from 6300 to 1900 mm reduced K outflow and improved the K budget in the field during the cropping period in 2019. K concentrations in soil solution were comparable in both years, and the percolation water volume decreased to 37% that of 2018, resulting in a 53% reduction in the K output from 392 to 184 kg ha –1 . The input via irrigation also decreased (−35 kg ha –1 ), but the output via surface runoff showed a greater reduction (−58 kg ha –1 ) owing to a 70% decrease in the water volume compared with 2018. Consequently, the K budget was substantially improved (from −289 to −57 kg ha –1 ), highlighting the importance of controlling water outflow, particularly percolation, for soil K maintenance in paddy fields with high permeability.

Improvement in potassium budget with water outflow reduction through reducing excessive irrigation in a paddy field