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Ammonia (NH 3 ) and nitrate (NO 3− ) are two major sources of N loss during the urea-N transformation process in soil. 3, 4-dimethypyrazole phosphate (DMPP) is a nitrification inhibitor that could effectively limit the NO 3–  production process but aggravate NH 3  emissions. NH 3  volatilization, NO 3–  production and the efficiency of DMPP are all influenced by different soil factors. The objective of this study was to understand the effects of soil properties on N losses after urea application and DMPP efficacy. A laboratory incubation experiment was set up with urea applied to seven different types of soil at a rate of 0.25 g N/kg soil, with or without DMPP, (at a rate of 1% of the N applied in the fertilizer). Urea content, NH 3  losses and mineral N were measured regularly for 50 days after treatment addition. NO 3– N production rates, inhibition efficiencies of DMPP and urea half-lives were calculated based on the measured NO 3– N and urea concentrations. Results showed that urea half-life was negatively correlated with soil total organic carbon (TOC) ( r  = −0.930). NO 3–  production rate was correlated with soil pH ( r = 0.670 ), sand ( r = 0.639 ) and clay content ( r = −0.632) . The efficiency of DMPP for inhibiting NO 3–  production was positively correlated with NO 3–  production rate ( r = 0.721 ). NH 3  volatilization was positively correlated with soil pH ( r = 0.657 ) and sand content ( r  = 0.687) and negatively correlated with urea half-life ( r  = −0.586). Greater inhibition efficiency of DMPP led to higher NH 3  losses. Urea degradation, NH 3  loss, NO 3–  production rate and the inhibition efficiency of DMPP were significantly affected by soil properties and the risk of NH 3  volatilization was increased by DMPP application.

Effects of soil properties on urea-N transformation and efficacy of nitrification inhibitor 3, 4-dimethypyrazole phosphate (DMPP)