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Six strains of three different  Gonyaulax  species were established by isolating cells from the Korean coastal area and the East China Sea, and their morphologies and molecular phylogenies based on SSU and LSU rRNA gene sequences were examined. In addition, the growth responses of the  Gonyaulax  species to changes in temperature and salinity were investigated. Based on morphological features and phylogenetic positions,  Gonyaulax whaseongensis  and  G. polygramma  were identified, and  G. geomunensis sp. nov . is proposed in this study. These species displayed the plate formula typical for  Gonyaulax , but  G. polygramma  and  G. geomunensis  sometimes showed a small intercalary plate (1a) surrounded by plates 2’, *3’ and 3’’.  G. geomunensis  was morphologically characterized by an S-type ventral organization, descending with a displacement of one cingulum width and bearing one, two or three prominent antapical spines of similar size. The cell surface, which was distinct from other  Gonyaulax  species, was thick and heavily reticulated into numerous polygonal areas. The reticulation was deeply excavated. The phylogenetics revealed that  G. geomunensis  and  G. whaseongensis  belong to different clades, and that there are two ribotypes of  G. polygramma , which were morphologically indistinguishable. These species had a close phylogenetic relationship to  G. hyalina , and all of them were characterized by dextral torsion.  G. whaseongensis, G. polygramma  and  G. geomunensis  had different growth responses to changes of temperature and salinity, respectively, indicating that morphological and phylogenetic identification of  Gonyaulax  species can be supported by ecological niches.

phycologia

Gonyaulax geomunensis sp. nov . and two allied species (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae) from Korean coastal waters and East China Sea: morphology, phylogeny and growth response to changes in temperature and salinity