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Molecular phylogenetic analyses of Hawaiian members of the red algal family Dumontiaceae were used to clarify the species diversity of  Dudresnaya  and  Gibsmithia  from Hawaiʻi. Although no new species of  Dudresnaya  were detected in the analyses,  D. babbittiana  is newly recorded by Lalo, Manawai, and Oʻahu; however, this record remains tentative until the type material is sequenced. A new species of  Gibsmithia, G. punonomaewa  A.R. Sherwood, is described here and reported from the mesophotic depths (79–104 m) of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, Hawaiʻi. This new species differs from all others in the genus based on the following combination of characters: moderate thallus size (up to 11 cm), smooth and terete gelatinous lobes, presence of a stipe (which is often branched), globose carposporangia, and a non-isodiametric shaped cell subtending the tetrasporangia. This new taxon increases the number of  Gibsmithia  species recorded from Hawaiʻi to three. Phylogenetically,  G. punonomaewa  is most closely related to  G. dotyi  (type locality, Lord Howe Island, Australia) and  G. larkumii  (type locality, One Tree Island, Queensland, Australia), which are both reportedly widespread in distribution. The relatively dark habitat of the mesophotic in Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument contrasts with the surface waters of tropical and subtropical habitats where most  Gibsmithia  species are found, further highlighting the uniqueness of the species.

A new species of Gibsmithia (Dumontiaceae, Rhodophyta) from mesophotic depths of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, Hawai‘i, USA