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The genus  Kumanoa  is the most species-rich group in freshwater red algae. Only one species,  K. mahlacensis , has been reported in Taiwan. Here, we described two new species,  K. taiwanensis  and  K. yuanyangensis . Based on  rbc L and  cox 1,  K. taiwanensis  differs from its sister lineage ( K. curvata  and  K. intorta , both endemic to China) by 3.7%–3.9% and 6.6%, while  K. yuanyangensis  differs from its sister species,  K. vittata  (endemic to Australia), by 2.9% and 8.2%. These genetic differences exceed the threshold of species boundary in  Kumanoa , supporting their establishment as new species. The two new species proposed are also supported by three algorithmic species delimitation methods (i.e. ABGD, SPN and GMYC). In addition to molecular evidence,  K. taiwanensis  can be morphologically distinguished from  K. intorta  and  K. curvata  by having carposporophytes embedded in the whorl radius, monosporangia on the fascicles but not on the involucral filaments, and the lack of bisporangia.  Kumanoa yuanyangensis  can be morphologically differentiated from  K. vittata  by having barrel-shaped whorls and spermatangia on the regular fascicles but not on the short, specialized fascicles. Comparing the three Taiwanese species,  K. mahlacensis  and  K. taiwanensis  are dark green or blue green in colour and occur in warm alkaline environments, reflecting their close phylogenetic affinity. In constrast,  Kumanoa yuanyangensis  is dark red-brown in colour, lacks monosporangia and occurs in a cold and acidic environment. This study expands the known diversity of  Kumonoa  and sheds light onto their biogeography.

phycologia

Species diversity of the freshwater red algal genus  Kumanoa  in Taiwan with the description of two new species:  Kumanoa taiwanensis sp. nov . and  Kumanoa yuanyangensis sp. nov.