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Chaetoceros  Ehrenberg is one of the most diverse genera of planktonic diatoms and includes important primary producers in marine waters. A valve linking protuberance is a unique character that has only been recorded in  Chaetoceros rostratus  and  C. rostratus  var.  glandazii . However the taxonomical relationship between the two taxa needs to be clarified. In order to clarify species delimitations, monoclonal strains were established from Chinese southeastern coastal waters. Vegetative cells were observed using light microscopy and electron microscopy of the frustule. The region D1 – D3 of the nuclear-encoded large subunit ribosomal DNA and the small subunit ribosomal DNA were sequenced to determine phylogenetic relationships. The phylogenetic analyses inferred from both SSU and LSU rDNA showed that the strains bearing valve linking protuberance clustered into two groups, which corresponded to different morphotypes. One group included the strains isolated from Hong Kong, the type locality of  C. rostratus , and matched the original description; this was used herein to delineate the characters of  C. rostratus . Another group is described as a new species,  Chaetoceros separatus sp. nov ., characterized by a long tubular valve linking protuberance and disjoint sibling setae. Previous reports of  C. rostratus  and  C. rostratus  var.  glandazii  were re-examined. The phylogenetic results showed  C. peruvianus  grouping with species of  Chaetoceros  sect.  Rostrata , thereby suggesting the synonymy between this section and  Chaetoceros  sect.  Peruviana . However, the identity and morphological variability of  C. peruvianus  need to be re-examined.

Diversity and phylogeny of Chaetoceros species (Bacillariophyceae) with a central valve linking protuberance