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The Neotropics have recently emerged as an important region for studies of tropical ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. Specific neotropical areas with high ECM host tree densities have ECM fungal diversities rivaling those of higher-latitude forests. Some forests of the Guiana Shield are dominated by endemic ECM trees of the Fabaceae, including species of  Dicymbe  (subfam. Detarioideae),  Aldina  (subfam. Papilionoideae), and  Pakaraimaea  (Cistaceae). One of the most species-rich ECM fungal families present in each of these systems is Russulaceae. Long-term sampling in forests in Guyana’s Pakaraima Mountains has revealed a number of species of the Russulaceae genera  Lactarius, Lactifluus , and  Russula . In this study, we document a previously unknown, distinct lineage of  Lactarius  subg.  Plinthogalus  containing eight species from the Guiana Shield. Here, we describe five of these species from Guyana as new to science:  Lactarius humiphilus, Lactarius mycenoides, Lactarius guyanensis, Lactarius dicymbophilus , and  Lactarius aurantiolamellatus . Morphological descriptions, habit, habitat, and known distribution are provided for each new species. Sequence data for the barcode internal transcribed spacer (ITS) locus are provided for types and most other collections of the new taxa, and a molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS, 28S, and  RPB2  (second-largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II) loci across the genus  Lactarius  corroborates their morphology-based infrageneric placement. The discovery of this lineage changes our insights into the biogeography and evolutionary history of  Lactarius  subg.  Plinthogalus .

Russulaceae of the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana. IV. New species forming a distinct lineage of Lactarius subg. Plinthogalus