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A  Polystigma -like found on an herbaceous to shrubby species of Fabaceae ( Andira humilis ) in the Brazilian Cerrado was morphologically close to  Polystigma pusillum , a leaf parasite on  Andira inermis  collected in Central America and Brazil. Phylogenetic analyses using a combination of the rDNA 28S, 18S, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions placed both fungi in the Phyllachorales, and not in Polystigamataceae/Xylariales, where  Polystigma  species belong, and characteristically found on members of the Rosaceae, causing red leaf blotch containing bright-colored fungal stromata spread on the lesions. This disease prevails in orchards in the Northern Hemisphere, infecting  Amygdalus, Cerasus, Padus , and  Prunus  species, but never in the Tropics.  Polystigma  species infecting other botanical families have been reallocated in different families, orders, and even classes in Ascomycota. In our phylogenetic analyses, the two species on  Andira  were allocated in Phyllachorales but separated in a well-supported cluster from Phyllachoraceae and Phaeochoraceae. In relation to Telimenaceae, the statistical support is not strong; however, considering that its type genus,  Telimena , was never sequenced, we choose to accept  Neopolystigma  (type  N. saraivae ) as the type genus of a new family, Neopolystigmataceae. The sister species of  N. saraivae ,  Polystigma pusillum  found on  A. inermis , was recombined into  N. pusillum .

Filling a gap in the taxonomy of phyllachoroid fungi: Proposition of Neopolystigma , gen. nov., and the new family Neopolystigmataceae