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The genus  Rhododendron  comprises over 1000 evergreen and deciduous species. In the Pacific Northwest Coast region of North America (PNWC), powdery mildews infecting deciduous  Rhododendron  spp. are well documented but less so on evergreen  Rhododendron  spp. Infections of both groups of hosts historically have been attributed to  Erysiphe azaleae  or  E. vaccinii . No formal characterizations of powdery mildew fungi infecting either deciduous or evergreen  Rhododendron  spp. in the PNWC have been completed. The objectives of this study were to identify the powdery mildew pathogens infecting evergreen  Rhododendron  spp. in the PNWC and to assess the phylogenetic position of these fungi within the Erysiphaceae. To ascertain valid taxonomic conclusions, and to determine whether potential introductions of exotic  Rhododendron  powdery mildews in North America have occurred, it was necessary to put the new North American phylogenetic data into a worldwide context. Therefore, available phylogenetic data from all  Erysiphe  spp. on  Rhododendron  have been included in our analyses. Based on analyses of numerous new internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 28S rDNA sequences and already available sequences deposited in GenBank retrieved from evergreen and deciduous  Rhododendron  spp., the following  Erysiphe  spp. could be phylogenetically confirmed (all belonging to  Erysiphe  sect.  Microsphaera ):  Erysiphe azaleae  nom. cons. ( Oidium ericinum  could be verified as a synonym),  E. digitata  (holotype sequenced),  E. izuensis , and  E. vaccinii. Erysiphe azaleae  and  E. vaccinii  are epitypified with sequenced specimens, and an ex-neotype sequence has been obtained for  Oidium ericinum. Erysiphe rhododendri  ( Erysiphe  sect.  Erysiphe ), only known from two collections in India (Himalayan region), was not available for phylogentic analyses.

Phylogeny and taxonomy of Erysiphe spp. on Rhododendron , with a special emphasis on North American species