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Aqueous aerosols are important in atmospheric chemistry, drug delivery, and human health. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), a surface-sensitive technique and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy which informs on the bulk, is deployed to study the solvation of ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ). Aerosolised solutions of NH 4 NO 3  were introduced into a photoelectron spectrometer via an aerodynamic lens, and interrogated with soft X-ray photons, the resulting electrons were imaged via velocity map imaging. Density functional theory calculations were performed to compare with the measured binding energies of NH 4+  and NO 3−  solvated in water. The results reveal that the nitrate anion has a slight propensity for the surface, while both ammonium and nitrate ions are present in equal measure in the bulk.

An investigation of aqueous ammonium nitrate aerosols with soft X-ray spectroscopy