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This article explores how the Egyptian revolutionary regime exploited the Mamluk past through rewriting school textbooks in order to legitimize the revolution and their leadership. Three dominant Egyptian nationalist ideologies are used to reinterpret the Mamluk past: Egyptian nationalism, Egyptian Arab nationalism and Egyptian Arab socialism. The historians were inspired by Egyptian nationalism and Egyptian Arab nationalism, reshaped history from the standpoint of Egypt and the Arabs, respectively, and selectively assimilated Mamluk history into Egyptian or Arab history. For example, the glorious Mamluk victory over the Mongols and Crusaders is represented as Egypt’s or the Arabs’ victory. Similarly, not only Mamluk leaders (mostly Baybars), but also other distinguished Mamluk leaders (Iraqi Mamluk leaders) are revived as Egyptian or Arab heroes. On the other hand, the historians of Arab socialism pursued a different pattern, to a certain extent. According to this narrative, the ones who actually brought victory over the Mongols and Crusaders were not the Mamluk leaders, but ‘the people’. In an intensive manner, Mamluk memory was politically exploited by the Free Officers’ government for reviving the splendor of the Egyptian past and reproducing it again in the real world.

Revolutionizing the past: representations of the Mamluks in Egyptian school textbooks, 1954–1970