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Focusing on the pastoral nomadic tribe of Zilan, located at the intersection of the Ottoman, the Qajar and the Russian imperial borders, this article discusses the political and military relations between imperial states and nomadic tribes during the nineteenth century. It analyzes how the war-making, boundary-making and state-making attempts of these three rival empires on a tribal and frontier space shaped the social, political and economic organization of a nomadic tribe, its loyalties, alliances and allegiances. It argues that imperial states and tribes in this military frontier, rather than acting as two hostile camps, depended and needed each other in military, political and economic spheres. Such a long-lasting mutual interdependence not only transformed political and administrative structure of the tribal groups, but also forced empires to redraw their plans and projects according to tribal and frontier settings.

A tribal confederation at the intersection of the Ottoman, Russian and Qajar empires: the Zilan Confederation and the empires (1810–1860)