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On a stepped channel, three distinct flow regimes, nappe, transition, and skimming, occur successively with increasing discharge. This work proposes a criterion of the transition flow occurrence: a critical slope of the channel exists between mild and steep slopes, and for mild slopes, air pocket disappearance and nappe parallel to channel slope are defined as the lower and upper limits of transition flow, whereas for steep slopes, the two phenomena oppositely represent the upper and lower limits. The analytical approaches based on the criterion demonstrate the critical slope of 30° and predict the lower and upper limits of transition flow. The experimental data verify the existence of the critical slope and its prediction accuracy, and indicate that the prediction of the lower and upper limits of transition flow works well for both mild (&lt;30°) and steep (&gt;30°) slopes. During stepped channel design, employing the critical slope can control the transition flow occurrence, therefore reducing the risks caused by structure vibration and excessive splashing.

Transition flow occurrence on stepped channels