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Interactions between the  MAOA  uVNTR and rearing environment are suggested to influence the developmental manifestations of childhood internalizing and externalizing behavior. However, few studies in the  MAOA  literature have included continental African children, or focused on non-clinical samples. We explored the main and interactive effects of the  MAOA  uVNTR (high and low activity alleles) in Black South African male ( n  = 478) and female ( n  = 540) children who were part of the longitudinal Birth to Twenty Plus cohort. Historical data on birth weight, gestational age at delivery, socioeconomic status, and maternal education were combined with genotypic information and analyzed using regression modeling. We found no significant main effects for the  MAOA  uVNTR on childhood behavior in either sex. A significant interaction ( p  = .04) was identified between  MAOA  and maternal education, suggesting that externalizing behavior in boys carrying a low activity  MAOA  allele varied in direct proportion to the education levels of their mothers. However, the model fit failed to reach significance, possibly due to our inclusion of only non-clinical pre-pubertal males. No significant interactions were detected for female children. Our findings lend tentative credibility to the Environmental Sensitivity metaframework, which suggests that  MAOA  is an important plasticity factor in childhood development.

Maternal Education Potentially Moderates the MAOA uVNTR Effects on Externalizing Behavior in Black South African Children