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Our study aimed to evaluate the effects of applying the common animal probiotics  Lactobacillus plantarum  strain JCM 1149 (LP),  Bacillus subtilis  subsp subtilis strain 168 (BS),  Bifidobacterium adolescentis  ATCC 15703 (BA), and  Clostridium butyricum  strain VP13266 (CB) in beekeeping systems. In a laboratory-controlled trial, the effects of LP, BS, BA and CB on nutrient deposition and immune properties of honey bees were evaluated. LP, BA, and CB enhanced pepsin activity, BS and LP increased lipase activity, and LP increased sucrase activity in the midgut, suggesting that these probiotics can improve the utilization of nutrients in honey bees by improving the activity of digestive enzyme activity. Besides, CB improved the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. LP and BS increased T-AOC and SOD activity. BS up-regulated the expression of  Abaecin ,  Apidaecin , and  Defensin-1 . LP up-regulated the expression of  Defensin-2 . BA and CB up-regulated the expression of  Abaecin  and  Apidaecin , respectively. According to the results of the laboratory-controlled trial, LP and BS could be more beneficial for honey bees compared to the other two tested strains. To study the effect of LP and BS supplementation in the field, we evaluated the colony size, the weight of newly emerged workers, the content of short-chain fatty acids, and the composition of the gut bacterial community. BS increased the population size of the colonies, the weight of newly emerged workers, and the relative abundance of  Lactobacillus , showing it to be a beneficial symbiont. BS also significantly increased the content of acetic acid, propionic acid, and isobutyric acid. Overall, the results of this study indicate that animal probiotics can be used for beekeeping, and BS was the most effective as a feed additive for honey bees.

A study about the application of probiotics on Apis mellifera