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Adipokinetic hormone (AKH) and its receptor (AKHR) are crucial for energy homeostasis in insects, while their identification and functional characterization are controversial in bee species since the transition of energy storage from the solitary to the eusocial groups. As the primitively eusocial bee species, the bumble bee is an ideal organism for the evolution analysis of AKH and AKHR. In this current study, the identification and characterization of AKH of  Bombus lantschouensis  ( Bomla_ AKH) and its receptor ( Bomla _AKHR) in queens exhibit that both  Bomla _AKH and  Bomla _AKHR are highly conserved with their counterparts in  Bombus terrestris  and  Bombus impatiens . Notably, the alternative splicing that takes place with  Bomla _ akhr  results in two putative proteins representing the amino and carboxyl fragments of  Bomla _AKHR, respectively. Furthermore, the  Bomla _ akh  expresses in the brain (with corpora cardiaca and corpora allata), while the  Bomla _ akhr  expresses in the fat body and/or ovary depending on the specific development phase. Although the detailed mechanisms remain to be clarified, we can infer that the two putative proteins encoded by the splice mutant might participate in the functional regulation of  Bomla _ akhr  in response to diverse demands in different tissues. The functional characterization and subcellular localization shows that the activation of  Bomla _AKHR is AKH dose-dependent. Unfortunately, the response is too weak to do further signaling analysis, which might be due to the poor cytomembrane localization. Meanwhile, the activation mechanisms of  Bomla _AKHR might be different from AKHRs of other insect species.

Identification and characterization of adipokinetic hormone and its receptor in bumble bee queens, Bombus lantschouensis