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Collaborative robots (cobots) are a type of Industry 4.0 technology designed to support manufacturing workers and create smart working environments (also called as Industry 5.0). However, little is known about how the use of cobots shapes workers’ skills. We analyse this in four types of human-cobot interaction: coexistence, synchronism, cooperation, and collaboration. We examine the implementation of cobots by a leading global provider using a qualitative research based on: (i) analysis of reports regarding the implementation of 200 cobots in 138 companies, (ii) interviews with the team and customers, (iii) six-month follow-up of cobot implementation in a manufacturing plant, and (iv) interviews with two cobot competitors. Our findings demonstrate how each type of human-cobot interaction influences workers’ skills in various manufacturing activities. We observe that most companies are in early stages of implementation, focusing on worker substitution. However, we identify a range of effects, including deskilling or reskilling, depending on the type of manufacturing activity analysed. The upskilling effect is particularly evident in the most advanced types of human-cobot interaction, regardless of the company's size. As a main contribution, this paper sheds light on how companies can enhance workers’ skills through other levels of interaction between workers and cobots.

Collaborative or substitutive robots? Effects on workers’ skills in manufacturing activities