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The use of trace rare metals and rare-earth elements (REEs) in diverse areas of the world economy (e.g. agronomy, medicine, industry) has significantly increased during the last decades. At present, the information on the ecotoxicological effects of these elements is scarce and contradictory. This study aims to evaluate the ecotoxicity of 15 REEs (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) and 3 trace rare metals (Ga, Ge, and In) to ciliates  Paramecium bursaria , which are a symbiosis of  Paramecium  and green algae  Chlorella . Median lethal concentrations (12-h LC 50 ) were assessed in  P. bursaria  cells at 12 h of exposure. A bioassay method based on galvanotaxis was used to explore the toxicity of non-lethal concentrations of cerium chloride to  P. bursaria  cells. The results showed a significant inhibition of galvanotactic migration of  P. bursaria  by CeCl 3  in the presence of an electric field. This preliminary work aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of  P. Bursaria  to trace metals and REEs.

Ecotoxicity responses of ciliates Paramecium bursaria to trace metals and rare-earth elements