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Among the English words first recorded in William Langland’s  Piers Plowman  is  araten  “reprove.” This new, or newly literary, word encapsulates a peculiar quality of  Piers Plowman , its cyclical depiction of verbal combat between opponents with unequal cultural authority. The word  araten  is perfect for  Piers Plowman  and plausibly was coined to purpose. This note suggests that  araten  cuts both ways in  Piers Plowman ’s multilayered analysis of class, and more broadly that visions of reproof with their political, social, literary, and theological implications were a central form through which Langland extended the A text into the B and C versions.

Middle English araten and Scenes of Condescension in Piers Plowman