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This paper focuses upon representations of the figure of the tramp in interwar social exploration literature. It begins by exploring disciplinary attempts to highlight the apparent failure of the homeless to contribute within early social exploration literature, offering James Greenwood as an example. It then investigates Mark Freeman's claims regarding a tendency in later pre-war texts within the genre towards greater levels of personal identification – before using the example of Mary Higgs to suggest that the disciplinary impulse nonetheless remained in such works. In then looking at interwar social exploration texts by Frank Jennings, Frank Gray and George Orwell, an argument is developed that during the interwar period the tendency noted by Freeman was significantly heightened, as authors went to much greater lengths to understand the experience of being homeless. Ultimately, however, this development is seen to have done little to alter the disciplinary outlook of these authors. On the contrary, it is argued that in broadcasting their allegiance to the poor their texts can be seen to indicate the emergence of a survival strategy that enabled the perpetuation of a productivist agenda in the face of working-class enfranchisement and political representation – a strategy that this essay terms  disciplinary subterfuge .

Representing the Tramp in British Interwar Social Exploration Literature: Frank Jennings, Frank Gray and George Orwell