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Salinity stress poses a significant threat to agriculture, as it directly impacts crop growth and yield. The current study aimed at examining the role of foliar nano-silicate (nSiO 2 ) and nano-zinc (nZnO) applications in increasing wheat productivity and nitrogen (N) use efficiency under salt stress conditions. A two-season field experiment was carried out on sandy soils irrigated with water from high-saline wells (4352 and 7040 mg L −1 ). The study was conducted in a split-plot design, with main plots assigned to three treatments of foliar application of nSiO 2 , nZnO, and control (nZero), and sub-plots assigned to six N fertilizer rates (0–300 kg N ha −1 ). The use of nSiO 2  and nZnO increased wheat grain yield by 67 and 48% on average over nZero, respectively. When average wheat grain yields were plotted against increasing N fertilizer rates, a quadratic response curve was observed. Derivative solutions of the quadratic functions indicated that grain yield plateaued at 4641, 4560, and 3182 kg ha −1  for nSiO 2 , nZnO, and nZero treatments, respectively. The optimal N fertilizer rates for these yield levels were calculated to be 290, 353, and 386 kg N ha −1 . When the net returns to N fertilizer and nano-material use were considered, nSiO 2  had the highest net returns and the lowest optimal N fertilizer rate (229 kg N ha −1 ), followed by nZnO (272 kg N ha −1 ). The findings of the field experiment demonstrated that foliar spraying wheat with nSiO 2  and nZnO under salt stress conditions enhances productivity as well as responsiveness to N fertilizer.

communications in soil science and plant analysis

Foliar Spraying of Nano-Silicate and Nano-Zinc on Wheat ( Triticum aestivum  L.) Under Salt Stress Conditions Enhances Productivity and Reduces the Optimal Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate