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Ruthenium-based compounds are efficient catalysts to enhance combustion performance and suppress soot emission. However, systematic mechanism and  in-situ  research on reducing soot are rarely addressed. In this study, ruthenium acetylacetonate (Ru(C 5 H 7 O 2 ) 3 , Ru(acac) 3 ) was utilized as the catalyst precursor in different concentration conditions to investigate its impacts on the size, volume, and morphology of the soot particles in the ethylene flames with central toluene injection. The soot particles were detected by  in-situ  small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and  ex-situ  transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This study confirms that Ru(acac) 3  can suppress the surface growth for the primary soot particles, but no significant change of the morphology has been discovered for the aggregates. Compared with the undoped flame, the volume of the soot particles in the Ru(acac) 3 -doped flames is lower and the particle size is smaller, indicating a valid inhibition effect of Ru(acac) 3  on the soot emission by affecting its surface growth and oxidation process. Despite the remarkable distinction between the undoped and doped flames, no obvious difference is found between the flames with different catalyst concentrations.

Soot Formation and Growth in Toluene/Ethylene Combustion Catalyzed by Ruthenium Acetylacetonate