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There are significant conflicting accounts of the history of the Predynastic Kitan in the official narrative of the Liao dynasty and the related historical materials from the Central Plains, both in terms of the time and space. Behind these conflicting accounts lies an hitherto rarely understood historical reality: Abaoji's ancestors were newcomers to the Kitan having only arrived on the scene in the Kaiyuan era of the Tang dynasty. And once they had replaced the former Kitan tribes and established a state, they made the history of their single family the history of the entire people. This history diverged enormously from the actual process of change for the Kitan over the previous 500 or so years. Approaching from a polity-based perspective, no single family has ever been the natural born rulers of a people, however once they have attained the highest position of power they tend to dress up the history of their own family as that of an entire people. By uncovering the differences and divisions between the history of a ruling family and the history of a people, our reappraisal of the historical memory of the Dynasties of Northern Descent has a universal application.

Uncovering the history of the Predynastic Kitan: The historical memory of Dynasties of Northern Descent from a polity perspective