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The “county” was the stronghold of state administration in the Song Dynasty, and it was both a field of interaction between imperial power and grassroots society and an interface for the latter to come into contact with political power in general. This article analyzes the various aspects of county administration in the Song Dynasty, from the roles of administrative officials and county magistrates to the military, such as inspectors and archers. It reveals the rise of local society and the role played by the scholarly community under the development of financial centralization due to domestic and foreign political changes. By focusing on the factors and roles of local scholarly groups, such as their sense of friendship and solidarity with the local community, the author maintains that these groups worked together with the government to promote grassroots education, relief, construction, and other public works. As such, the scholars were not only the political force guiding the central government, but also the spokesmen for the grassroots society. At the level of “county,” there was thus a diverse and complex process of coexistence and cooperation between political and social forces.

County officials close to the people—Power structures and the operation of grassroots society