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Using several conditions such as the special administrative systems, geographical positions, and level of economic development of different regions within Northern Song 北宋 and Southern Song 南宋 territory, we can divide Song territory into several “comprehensive political regions.” The method of dividing the comprehensive political regions and the relations between the regions greatly differed during the Northern and Southern Song, however, and they thereby formed two completely different political geographies. The various comprehensive political regions that made up Northern Song territory had significant differences in their functions of contributing to political power and were mainly combined through division of labor to form a “ring” structure. The mutual reliance between the regions benefited the central gathering of power, but it was difficult for them to fight for themselves, so they often were defeated by outside forces. The comprehensive political regions of the Southern Song each had their own independent conditions for survival and were political regions that exercised similar functions in different positions, therefore they formed a “block” structure. This kind of structure improved the country's ability to respond to foreign wars, but it had weak domestic cohesion, and its centralized power was far inferior to that of the Northern Song.

Troubles both foreign and domestic: A comparative study of the political geography of the Song Dynasty