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In the Soviet-type centrally planned economies the enterprise was an element of a centralised hierarchical structure, where managers faced pressures for the fulfilment of the plan. The plan could be interpreted as a kind of contract inside the hierarchical organisation; therefore, this study applies the contractual approach to examine the strategies of socialist managers in Poland, showing that their behaviours were similar to those of mid-level managers in U-form corporations. It is also stressed that managers preferred safe strategies, moving on to more risky ones only when it was necessary in order to fulfil the plan.

Managers in the command economy: Case studies from Poland, 1956-1970